Vitalik Buterin 解釋了Ethereum以 Rollup 爲中心的路線圖可以解決三難困境的 3 種方法
以太坊聯合創始人 Vitalik Buterin 重新審視2023 年路線圖，討論該網絡的未來。他表示，Ethereum的擴容計劃已經從分片和第 2 層協議演變爲以 Rollup 爲中心的路線圖，這也是其當前的重點。 Buterin 解釋說，rollups 將在Ethereum主層和 L2 之間劃分任務。 聯合創始人解釋說，由於 EIP-4844 等升級，EthereumL1 現在可以處理更多數據，不同的匯總 (L2) 可以像分片一樣工作。 他還表示，Ethereum將完成基於匯總的擴展解決方案的開發，並完好無損地解決網絡安全和去中心化面臨的挑戰。 同時，The Surge是指爲提高Ethereum的可擴展性和效率而進行的一系列升級，被指定了4個主要目標。 第一個目標是使第 1 層和第 2 層的每秒交易量 (TPS) 達到 100,000 以上。二是保持主網的去中心化和穩健性。 第三是確保部分L2完全繼承Ethereum的核心特性：去信任、開放、抗審查。最後，它希望促進 L2 之間最大程度的互操作性，因此Ethereum感覺就像一個生態系統，而不是分裂成單獨的區塊鏈。 爲了實現這些目標，Buterin 澄清說，打破可擴展性三難困境很困難，但並非不可能。 Buterin 提出了兩種方法來解決去中心化、可擴展性和安全性的三難困境。 第一種方法是使用 SNARK 進行數據可用性採樣，這將允許節點檢查數據是否可用以及計算是否正確。 SNARK（簡潔的非交互式知識論證）是無需信任的，無需驗證。下一個方法是 Plasma 架構，它涉及以智能、激勵兼容的方式將交易處理和數據檢查卸載給用戶。 Buterin 表示，解決這個三難困境需要 SNARK 和 Plasma 等先進方法，而不僅僅是簡單的軟件修復。與此同時，PeerDAS 和其他改進也旨在通過在網絡上分發數據來使Ethereum坊更具可擴展性。 雖然 Dencun 升級通過在每 12 秒時段引入 375 kB 數據來提高數據可用性，但 Buterin 表示，它仍然限制了交易數量。 在對等數據可用性採樣的情況下，它使用數據點的“blob”。Ethereum節點僅使用這些樣本的子集來重建整個 blob。然後在一維採樣中，每個節點監聽正在廣播的數據的特定部分。節點可以共享數據樣本，而無需下載所有數據。 Yo @VitalikButerin ，內容非常豐富的文章。不過有幾個問題要問你。 — Zeerabets (@Zeerabets) 2024 年 10 月 17 日 The Ethereum co-founder explained that while PeerDAS allows nodes to request samples from others outside their subnet, there is a more conservative approach to using SubnetDAS using the local subnet. With that, the blog underlines that the goal is to increase the data per slot to 16 MB, which would result in a potential throughput of around 58,000 TPS. Buterin writes, “And so ultimately we want to go further, and do 2D sampling, which works by random sampling not just within blobs, but also between blobs.” Buterin underlines that the next step is rolling out PeerDAS and then increasing the blob count. However, the long-term goal is to reportedly move beyond 1D DAS and develop 2D Data Availability Sampling (DAS) to allow sampling both within and between blobs. Buterin is also of the view that Ethereum needs to move away from the mathematical technique of KZG commitments and look toward a quantum-resistant, trusted-setup-free alternative like more advanced STARKs. In the meantime, Ethereum needs to choose between 2D DAS and 1D DAS. There is a trade-off in both cases between efficiency and simplicity. The former offers the highest scalability but is more complex, while the latter is easier to manage but has a lower data capacity. However, Buterin points out that Plasma could reduce the need for DAS. In this case, the trade-off would be a change in Ethereum’s architecture as reliance on users to handle data would increase. Buterin also suggests that if data compression techniques are implemented, it could reduce the need for advanced 2D DAS. Data compression looks at cutting the size of each transaction on-chain to improve scalability. Ethereum could use different methods of compression like zero-byte compression, signature aggregation, Irrespective of the method used, the technique wants to make each transaction smaller in terms of bytes to process many more transactions within the same data space. This will be a benefit but there are trade-offs in this case as well. For instance, Buterin explains that data compression would need switching to BLS Signatures, which will need major development. Replacing addresses with pointers is also complex for the client code. Overall, these changes could potentially make it harder to verify or audit transactions and could create problems for tools that rely on full transaction data. That said, Buterin explains that all the current scalability solutions struggle in various aspects. Therefore, the Plasma scaling solution could become powerful as it utilizes an operator to publish blocks off-chain while putting the Merkle roots of those blocks on-chain. Of course, bringing them to production remains a huge task. Achieving dependency on L2 proof systems is another problem statement for Ethereum. Buterin says that most rollups lack full trustlessness due to the presence of a security council. With the main aim being achieving Stage 2 status, Buterin suggests formal verification techniques along with creating multiple proof systems and employing a multisig mechanism. Since advanced L2 proof systems will help reduce MEV stress on layer 1, scalability will be achieved as a result. Among these developments, improvements in cross-L2 interoperability remain important. Buterin says that better interaction between L2s and L1 will enhance Ethereum’s overall usability. Unlike the other suggested changes, interoperability is not one technical upgrade. However, it is crucial to Ethereum’s long-term scalability roadmap.Ethereum專注於以匯總爲中心的路線圖
PeerDAS 的實施需要權衡
如果 Rollup 和 EIP-4844 是擴展 ETH 的方式，那麼 DAS 如何在不擾亂去中心化的情況下保持其去信任性？如果所有這些 L2 都變成自己的小孤島，會發生什麼？ ETH 會怎樣...Ethereum can look at data compression technique
replacing addresses with pointers and custom serialization for transaction values.
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