Vitalik Buterin 解释了Ethereum以 Rollup 为中心的路线图可以解决三难困境的 3 种方法
以太坊联合创始人 Vitalik Buterin 重新审视2023 年路线图，讨论该网络的未来。他表示，Ethereum的扩容计划已经从分片和第 2 层协议演变为以 Rollup 为中心的路线图，这也是其当前的重点。 Buterin 解释说，rollups 将在Ethereum主层和 L2 之间划分任务。 联合创始人解释说，由于 EIP-4844 等升级，EthereumL1 现在可以处理更多数据，不同的汇总 (L2) 可以像分片一样工作。 他还表示，Ethereum将完成基于汇总的扩展解决方案的开发，并完好无损地解决网络安全和去中心化面临的挑战。 同时，The Surge是指为提高Ethereum的可扩展性和效率而进行的一系列升级，被指定了4个主要目标。 第一个目标是使第 1 层和第 2 层的每秒交易量 (TPS) 达到 100,000 以上。二是保持主网的去中心化和稳健性。 第三是确保部分L2完全继承Ethereum的核心特性：去信任、开放、抗审查。最后，它希望促进 L2 之间最大程度的互操作性，因此Ethereum感觉就像一个生态系统，而不是分裂成单独的区块链。 为了实现这些目标，Buterin 澄清说，打破可扩展性三难困境很困难，但并非不可能。 Buterin 提出了两种方法来解决去中心化、可扩展性和安全性的三难困境。 第一种方法是使用 SNARK 进行数据可用性采样，这将允许节点检查数据是否可用以及计算是否正确。 SNARK（简洁的非交互式知识论证）是无需信任的，无需验证。下一个方法是 Plasma 架构，它涉及以智能、激励兼容的方式将交易处理和数据检查卸载给用户。 Buterin 表示，解决这个三难困境需要 SNARK 和 Plasma 等先进方法，而不仅仅是简单的软件修复。与此同时，PeerDAS 和其他改进也旨在通过在网络上分发数据来使Ethereum坊更具可扩展性。 虽然 Dencun 升级通过在每 12 秒时段引入 375 kB 数据来提高数据可用性，但 Buterin 表示，它仍然限制了交易数量。 在对等数据可用性采样的情况下，它使用数据点的“blob”。Ethereum节点仅使用这些样本的子集来重建整个 blob。然后在一维采样中，每个节点监听正在广播的数据的特定部分。节点可以共享数据样本，而无需下载所有数据。 Yo @VitalikButerin ，内容非常丰富的文章。不过有几个问题要问你。 — Zeerabets (@Zeerabets) 2024 年 10 月 17 日 The Ethereum co-founder explained that while PeerDAS allows nodes to request samples from others outside their subnet, there is a more conservative approach to using SubnetDAS using the local subnet. With that, the blog underlines that the goal is to increase the data per slot to 16 MB, which would result in a potential throughput of around 58,000 TPS. Buterin writes, “And so ultimately we want to go further, and do 2D sampling, which works by random sampling not just within blobs, but also between blobs.” Buterin underlines that the next step is rolling out PeerDAS and then increasing the blob count. However, the long-term goal is to reportedly move beyond 1D DAS and develop 2D Data Availability Sampling (DAS) to allow sampling both within and between blobs. Buterin is also of the view that Ethereum needs to move away from the mathematical technique of KZG commitments and look toward a quantum-resistant, trusted-setup-free alternative like more advanced STARKs. In the meantime, Ethereum needs to choose between 2D DAS and 1D DAS. There is a trade-off in both cases between efficiency and simplicity. The former offers the highest scalability but is more complex, while the latter is easier to manage but has a lower data capacity. However, Buterin points out that Plasma could reduce the need for DAS. In this case, the trade-off would be a change in Ethereum’s architecture as reliance on users to handle data would increase. Buterin also suggests that if data compression techniques are implemented, it could reduce the need for advanced 2D DAS. Data compression looks at cutting the size of each transaction on-chain to improve scalability. Ethereum could use different methods of compression like zero-byte compression, signature aggregation, Irrespective of the method used, the technique wants to make each transaction smaller in terms of bytes to process many more transactions within the same data space. This will be a benefit but there are trade-offs in this case as well. For instance, Buterin explains that data compression would need switching to BLS Signatures, which will need major development. Replacing addresses with pointers is also complex for the client code. Overall, these changes could potentially make it harder to verify or audit transactions and could create problems for tools that rely on full transaction data. That said, Buterin explains that all the current scalability solutions struggle in various aspects. Therefore, the Plasma scaling solution could become powerful as it utilizes an operator to publish blocks off-chain while putting the Merkle roots of those blocks on-chain. Of course, bringing them to production remains a huge task. Achieving dependency on L2 proof systems is another problem statement for Ethereum. Buterin says that most rollups lack full trustlessness due to the presence of a security council. With the main aim being achieving Stage 2 status, Buterin suggests formal verification techniques along with creating multiple proof systems and employing a multisig mechanism. Since advanced L2 proof systems will help reduce MEV stress on layer 1, scalability will be achieved as a result. Among these developments, improvements in cross-L2 interoperability remain important. Buterin says that better interaction between L2s and L1 will enhance Ethereum’s overall usability. Unlike the other suggested changes, interoperability is not one technical upgrade. However, it is crucial to Ethereum’s long-term scalability roadmap.Ethereum专注于以汇总为中心的路线图
PeerDAS 的实施需要权衡
如果 Rollup 和 EIP-4844 是扩展 ETH 的方式，那么 DAS 如何在不扰乱去中心化的情况下保持其去信任性？如果所有这些 L2 都变成自己的小孤岛，会发生什么？ ETH 会怎样...Ethereum can look at data compression technique
replacing addresses with pointers and custom serialization for transaction values.
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